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1.
Acta cir. bras ; 34(2): e201900204, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-989051

ABSTRACT

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the protective effects of salvianolic acid A (SAA) on renal damage in rats with chronic renal failure (CRF). Methods: The five-sixth nephrectomy model of CRF was successfully established in group CRF (10 rats) and group CRF+SAA (10 rats). Ten rats were selected as sham-operated group (group S), in which only the capsules of both kidneys were removed. The rats in group CRF+SAA were intragastrically administrated with 10 mg/kg SAA for 8 weeks. The blood urine nitrogen (BUN), urine creatinine (Ucr), creatinine clearance rate (Ccr), and serum uperoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were tested. The expressions of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) and Smad6 protein in renal tissue were determined. Results: After treatment, compared with group CRF, in group CRF+SAA the BUN, Scr, serum MDA and kidney/body weight ratio were decreased, the Ccr and serum SOD were increased, the TGF-β1 protein expression level in renal tissue was decreased, and the BMP-7 and Smad6 protein levels were increased (all P < 0.05). Conclusion: SAA can alleviate the renal damage in CRF rats through anti-oxidant stress, down-regulation of TGF-β1 signaling pathway and up-regulation of BMP-7/Smad6 signaling pathway.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Caffeic Acids/therapeutic use , Smad6 Protein/metabolism , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism , Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7/metabolism , Kidney Failure, Chronic/drug therapy , Lactates/therapeutic use , Down-Regulation , Up-Regulation , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Disease Models, Animal , Kidney Failure, Chronic/chemically induced , Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism , Kidney Function Tests , Nephrectomy
2.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 52(1): e7974, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-974268

ABSTRACT

Details about the acid-base changes in hemodialysis are scarce in the literature but are potentially relevant to adequate management of patients. We addressed the acid-base kinetics during hemodialysis and throughout the interdialytic period in a cross-sectional study of adults undergoing conventional hemodialysis. Samples for blood gas analysis were obtained from the arterial limb of the arteriovenous fistula before the first session of the week (HD1), immediately at the end of HD1, and on sequential collections at 15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min post-HD1. Additional blood samples were collected after ∼20 h following the end of the first dialysis and immediately prior to the initiation of the second dialysis of the week. Thirty adult patients were analyzed (55±15 years, 50% men, 23% diabetic; dialysis vintage 69±53 months). Mean serum bicarbonate levels increased at the end of HD1 (22.3±2.7 mEq/L vs 17.5±2.3 mEq/L, P<0.001) and remained stable until 20 h after the end of the session. The mean values of pCO2 before HD1 were below reference and at 60 and 120 min post-HD1 were significantly lower than at the start (31.3±2.7 mmHg and 30.9±3.7 mmHg vs 34.3±4.1 mmHg, P=0.041 and P=0.010, respectively). The only point of collection in which mean values of pCO2 were above 35 mmHg was 20 h post-dialysis. Serum bicarbonate levels remained stable for at least 20 h after the dialysis sessions, a finding that may have therapeutic implications. During dialysis, the respiratory response for correction of metabolic acidosis (i.e., pCO2 elevation) was impaired.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Acid-Base Equilibrium/physiology , Acid-Base Imbalance/blood , Renal Dialysis , Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism , Time Factors , Acid-Base Imbalance/metabolism , Blood Gas Analysis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Kidney Failure, Chronic/blood , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy
3.
J. bras. nefrol ; 39(3): 305-311, July-Sept. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-893777

ABSTRACT

Abstract Metabolic acidosis is highly prevalent in hemodialysis patients. The disorder is associated with increased mortality and its deleterious effects are already present in the predialysis phase of chronic kidney disease. Metabolic acidosis has been linked to progression of chronic kidney disease, changes in protein and glucose metabolism, bone and muscle disorders and cardiovascular disease. At present, the control of metabolic acidosis in hemodialysis is mainly focused on the supply of bicarbonate during dialysis session, but further studies are needed to set the optimum target serum bicarbonate and the best concentration of the bicarbonate dialysate. The present study reviews pathophysiological and epidemiological aspects of metabolic acidosis in hemodialysis patients and also addresses its adverse effects and treatment.


Resumo A acidose metabólica é altamente prevalente em pacientes em hemodiálise. A doença está associada com mortalidade aumentada e os seus efeitos deletérios já estão presentes na fase pré-diálise da doença renal crônica. A acidose metabólica tem sido associada a progressão da doença renal crônica, alterações no metabolismo das proteínas e da glicose, doenças ósseas e musculares e enfermidades cardiovasculares. Atualmente, o controle da acidose metabólica em hemodiálise está voltado principalmente para o suprimento de bicarbonato durante a sessão de diálise, porém, mais estudos são necessários para definir o bicarbonato sérico alvo ideal e a melhor concentração de bicarbonato do banho. O artigo revisa os aspectos fisiopatológicos e epidemiológicos da acidose metabólica em pacientes em hemodiálise e também aborda seus efeitos adversos e tratamento.


Subject(s)
Humans , Acidosis/etiology , Acidosis/therapy , Renal Dialysis , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications , Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism
4.
J. bras. nefrol ; 39(2): 172-180, Apr.-June 2017. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-893759

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction: Hemodialysis contributes to increased oxidative stress and induces transitory hypoxemia. Compartmentalization decreases the supply of solutes to the dialyzer during treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of intradialytic aerobic exercise on solute removal, blood gases and oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney disease during a single hemodialysis session. Methods: Thirty patients were randomized to perform aerobic exercise with cycle ergometer for lower limbs during 30 minutes with intensity between 60-70% of maximal heart rate, or control group (CG). Blood samples were collected prior to and immediately after exercise or the equivalent time in CG. Analysis of blood and dialysate biochemistry as well as blood gases were performed. Mass removal and solute clearance were calculated. Oxidative stress was determined by lipid peroxidation and by the total antioxidant capacity. Results: Serum concentrations of solutes increased with exercise, but only phosphorus showed a significant elevation (p = 0.035). There were no significant changes in solute removal and in the acid-base balance. Both oxygen partial pressure and saturation increased with exercise (p = 0.035 and p = 0.024, respectivelly), which did not occur in the CG. The total antioxidant capacity decreased significantly (p = 0.027). Conclusion: The acute intradialytic aerobic exercise increased phosphorus serum concentration and decreased total antioxidant capacity, reversing hypoxemia resulting from hemodialysis. The intradialytic exercise did not change the blood acid-base balance and the removal of solutes.


Resumo Introdução: A hemodiálise contribui para aumentar o estresse oxidativo e induz a hipoxemia transitória. A compartimentalização dos solutos diminui sua oferta para o dialisador durante o tratamento. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos agudos do exercício aeróbio intradialítico sobre a remoção de solutos, gasometria e estresse oxidativo em pacientes com doença renal crônica durante uma sessão de hemodiálise. Métodos: Trinta pacientes foram randomizados para realizar exercício aeróbio com cicloergômetro para membros inferiores durante 30 minutos com intensidade entre 60-70% da frequência cardíaca máxima, ou grupo controle (GC). Amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas antes e imediatamente após o término do exercício ou no período equivalente no GC. Análises da bioquímica do sangue e dialisato e gasometria foram realizadas. A massa removida e a depuração dos solutos foram calculadas. O estresse oxidativo foi determinado pela peroxidação lipídica e capacidade antioxidante total. Resultados: As concentrações séricas dos solutos aumentaram com o exercício, mas somente o fósforo mostrou elevação significativa (p = 0.035). Não houve modificações significantes na remoção de solutos e no equilíbrio ácido-básico. A pressão parcial e a saturação de oxigênio aumentaram com o exercício (p = 0.035 e p = 0.024, respectivamente), o que não ocorreu no GC. A capacidade antioxidante total diminuiu significativamente (p = 0.027). Conclusão: O exercício aeróbico intradialítico agudo aumentou a concentração sérica de fósforo e diminuiu a capacidade antioxidante total, revertendo a hipoxemia resultante da hemodiálise. O exercício intradialítico não alterou o equilíbrio ácido-básico e a remoção de solutos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Dialysis Solutions , Exercise , Renal Dialysis , Oxidative Stress , Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Blood Gas Analysis
5.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 65(5): 326-332, Sept.-Oct. 2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-763133

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Sedation in dialysis dependent end-stage renal disease patients requires caution as a result of performing high doses of sedatives and its complications. Multidrug sedation regimens might be superior and advantage on lesser drug consumption and by the way adverse events which occur easily in end-stage renal disease patients. We evaluated the effects of dexmedetomidine premedication on propofol consumption, sedation levels with Observer's Assessment of Alertness and Sedation scores and the bispectral index and the hemodynamic changes, potential side effects in geriatric patients with end-stage renal disease who underwent hip fracture surgery under spinal anesthesia.METHOD: In this randomized, controlled, double-blind study 60 elderly patients (age ≥ 65 years) with end-stage renal disease and hip fracture scheduled for anterograde femoral intramedullary nailing were assigned to groups that received either intravenous saline infusion (Group C) or dexmedetomidine 0.5 g/kg/10 min infusion for premedication (Group D). All the patients received propofol infusion after the induction of the spinal anesthesia.RESULTS: Total propofol consumption, propofol dose required for targeted sedation levels according to Observer's Assessment of Alertness and Sedation scores and bispectral index levels, recovery times were significantly lower in Group D (p < 0.001). The time to reach to Observer's Assessment of Alertness and Sedation score 4 and to achieve bispectral index ≤ 80 was significantly lower in Group C compared with Group D (p < 0.001). Adverse events were similar in both groups.CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine premedication lowers intraoperative propofol consumption to maintain targeted level of sedation. Therefore low dose dexmedetomidine premedication in addition to propofol infusion might be an alternative in geriatric patients with end-stage renal disease for sedation.


RESUMOJUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVO: A sedação em paciente dependente de diálise com doença renal em estágio terminal (DRET) requer cautela como resultado da administração de altas doses de sedativos e suas complicações. Os regimes de sedação com múltiplas drogas podem ser superiores e vantajosos em relação ao consumo menor de drogas e aos eventos adversos que ocorrem facilmente em pacientes com DEET. Avaliamos os efeitos da pré-medicação com dexmedetomidina sobre o consumo de propofol, os níveis de sedação com os escores da Observer's Assessment of Alertness and Sedation (OAA/S) e do índice bispectral (BIS), as alterações hemodinâmicas e os potenciais efeitos colaterais em pacientes geriátricos com DRET submetidos à cirurgia para fratura de quadril sob raquianestesia.MÉTODO: Neste estudo randômico, controlado e duplo-cego, 60 pacientes idosos (idade ≥ 65 anos), com DRET e fratura de quadril, agendados para fixação intramedular de haste femoral anterógrada foram designados para grupos para receberam infusão intravenosa de solução salina (Grupo C) ou pré-medicação com infusão de 0,5 mg kg/10 min de dexmedetomidina (DEX) (Grupo D). Todos os pacientes receberam infusão de propofol após a indução da raquianestesia.RESULTADOS: O consumo total de propofol, a dose de propofol necessária para os níveis-alvo de sedação de acordo com os escores da OAA/S, os valores do BIS e os tempos de recuperação foram significativamente menores no Grupo D (p < 0,001). O tempo para atingir o escore 4 na OAA/S e valores BIS ≤ 80 foi significativamente inferior no Grupo C em comparação com o Grupo D (p < 0,001). Os eventos adversos foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos.CONCLUSÃO: A pré-medicação com dexmedetomidina reduz o consumo de propofol no intraoperatório para manter o nível-alvo de sedação. Portanto, a pré-medicação com DEX em dose baixa em combinação com infusão de propofol pode ser uma opção para sedação em pacientes geriátricos com DRET.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Preanesthetic Medication , Propofol/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Intravenous/administration & dosage , Dexmedetomidine/pharmacology , Hypnotics and Sedatives/pharmacology , Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism , Double-Blind Method , Dexmedetomidine/administration & dosage , Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage
6.
J. bras. nefrol ; 37(2): 171-176, Apr-Jun/2015. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-751441

ABSTRACT

Resumo Introdução: A suplementação de ferro é uma das importantes recomendações em pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC), contudo, uma sobrecarga desse mineral pode contribuir para o estresse oxidativo, condição essa bastante relacionada com o risco cardiovascular nesses pacientes. Objetivo: O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar se os níveis de ferritina estão associados ao estresse oxidativo avaliado pelo malondialdeído (MDA) em pacientes em hemodiálise (HD). Métodos: Vinte pacientes em tratamento de HD (55,0 ± 15,2 anos, tempo de diálise de 76,5 ± 46,3 meses, IMC 23,6 ± 3,0 kg/m2) foram comparados com 11 indivíduos saudáveis (50,9 ± 8,0 anos, IMC 23,8 ± 1,9 kg/m2). O nível de MDA foi medido pela reação com o ácido tiobarbitúrico e os dados bioquímicos de rotina foram obtidos por meio do prontuário médico. Resultados: Os pacientes em HD apresentaram elevados níveis de MDA (13,2 ± 5,3 nmol/mL) quando comparados aos indivíduos saudáveis (5,1 ± 2,7 nmol/mL; p < 0,01). Doze pacientes (60%) apresentaram valores de ferritina superiores a 500 ng/mL e houve correlação positiva entre ferritina e MDA nos pacientes HD (r = 0,66; p = 0,005; n = 17). Conclusão: O excesso dos estoques de ferro em pacientes em HD resulta em um aumento da peroxidação lipídica e, consequentemente, contribui para um maior estresse oxidativo nesses pacientes. .


Abstract Introduction: Iron supplementation is one of the recommendations found in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), however, an overload of this mineral can contribute to oxidative stress, a condition closely related to the cardiovascular risk in these patients, as well as disease progression. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate whether ferritin levels are associated with oxidative stress marker MDA in patients on hemodialysis (HD). Methods: Twenty HD patients (55.0 ± 15.2 years, time of dialysis 76.5 ± 46.3 months, BMI 23.6 ± 3.0 kg/m2) were compared with 11 healthy subjects (50.9 ± 8.0 years, BMI 23.8 ± 1.9 kg/m2). Malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured by reaction with thiobarbituric acid and routine biochemical data were obtained from medical records. Results: MDA levels were significantly higher in HD patients compared to the control group (13.2 ± 5.3 nmol/mL vs. 5.1 ± 2.7nmol/mL, p < 0.01). Twelve patients (60%) had ferritin values greater than the 500 ng/mL and there was a positive correlation between ferritin and MDA in HD (r = 0.66, p = 0.005, n = 17) patients. Conclusion: The excess iron stores in HD patients results in increased lipid peroxidation, and consequently contributes to increased oxidative stress in these patients. .


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Biomarkers/analysis , Ferritins/blood , Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Lipid Peroxidation , Renal Dialysis , Kidney Failure, Chronic/blood , Malondialdehyde/analysis
7.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 46(7): 567-573, ago. 2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-682402

ABSTRACT

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) participate in a variety of processes in the kidney, and evidence suggests that gender-related hormones participate in renal function. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship of GAGs, gender, and proteinuria in male and female rats with chronic renal failure (CRF). GAGs were analyzed in total kidney tissue and 24-h urine of castrated (c), male (M), and female (F) Wistar control (C) rats (CM, CMc, CF, CFc) and after 30 days of CRF induced by 5/6 nephrectomy (CRFM, CRFMc, CRFF, CRFFc). Total GAG quantification and composition were determined using agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively. Renal GAGs were higher in CF compared to CM. CRFM presented an increase in renal GAGs, heparan sulfate (HS), and proteinuria, while castration reduced these parameters. However, CRFF and CRFFc groups showed a decrease in renal GAGs concomitant with an increase in proteinuria. Our results suggest that, in CRFM, sex hormones quantitatively alter GAGs, mainly HS, and possibly the glomerular filtration barrier, leading to proteinuria. The lack of this response in CRFMc, where HS did not increase, corroborates this theory. This pattern was not observed in females. Further studies of CRF are needed to clarify gender-dependent differences in HS synthesis.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Castration , Glycosaminoglycans/urine , Gonadal Steroid Hormones/deficiency , Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism , Kidney/chemistry , Proteinuria/urine , Electrophoresis, Agar Gel , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Glycosaminoglycans/isolation & purification , Heparitin Sulfate/urine , Kidney Failure, Chronic/surgery , Kidney/surgery , Nephrectomy , Random Allocation , Rats, Wistar , Sex Factors
8.
J. bras. nefrol ; 33(1): 55-61, jan.-mar. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-579705

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: O método capaz de melhor identificar desnutrição energético-protéica (DEP) em pacientes em hemodiálise (HD) ainda se mantém em debate. Logo, avaliamos o estado nutricional de pacientes em HD por diferentes métodos e verificamos qual deles identificava o maior número de pacientes com DEP. MÉTODOS: Quinze pacientes em HD (52,7 ± 10 anos; 33,3 por cento Masculino). O estado nutricional foi avaliado por medidas antropométricas, pela avaliação subjetiva global (ASG), por albumina plasmática e pelo consumo alimentar (recordatório de 24 horas). A gordura corporal foi avaliada por antropometria. O critério de diagnóstico de DEP preconizado pela International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM) foi empregado. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que o índice de massa corporal esteve dentro da normalidade (24,2 ± 4,4 kg/m²). Ao avaliar a condição nutricional pela adequação da circunferência muscular do braço CMB) e da prega cutânea de tríceps (PCT) notou-se que a adequação da CMB esteve dentro dos parâmetros de normalidade (102,6 ± 13 por cento), ao passo que a adequação da PCT esteve abaixo da normalidade (Feminino: 75,3 ± 40,4 por cento; Masculino: 73,5 ± 20,6 por cento). Contudo, o percentual de gordura corporal esteve elevado (Feminino: 34,5 ± 7,3 por cento; Masculino: 23,6 ± 4,2 por cento). Com relação à ASG, a maioria dos pacientes (n = 12) apresentou algum grau de desnutrição e este constituiu o método que identificou o maior número de pacientes com DEP. Ao empregar os critérios da ISRNM, notou-se que apenas dois pacientes apresentaram DEP. CONCLUSÃO: Todos os pacientes avaliados encontravam-se com DEP por algum dos métodos utilizados. A ASG foi o método que, isoladamente, conseguiu detectar o maior número de pacientes com DEP.


INTRODUCTION: The method capable of best identifying protein-energy wasting (PEW) in hemodialysis (HD) patients is controversial. Thus, we assessed the nutritional status of HD patients by use of different methods and verified which one identified the highest number of patients with PEW. METHODS: The study assessed the nutritional status of 15 HD patients (age: 52.7 ± 10.1 years; males: 33.3 percent) by use of anthropometric measurements, subjective global assessment (SGA), serum albumin, and dietary intake (24-hour food recall). Body fat was assessed by use of anthropometry. The International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM) criteria were used to diagnose PEW. RESULTS: The body mass index (24.2 ± 4.4 kg/m²) and the percentage of standard value for mid-arm muscle circumference were within the normal limits (102.6 ± 13 percent). Nevertheless, the percentage of standard value for triceps skinfold was below the normal limits (females, 75.3 ± 40.4 percent; and males, 73.5 ± 20.6 percent), although a high body fat percentage was observed (females, 34.5 ± 7.3 percent; males, 23.6 ± 4.2 percent). When assessing the nutritional status by use of SGA, most patients (80 percent, n = 12) were malnourished, and SGA was the method that identified the highest number of patients with PEW. By using the ISRNM criteria, PEW was diagnosed in only two patients. CONCLUSION: All patients were diagnosed with PEW by use of one of the methods studied. The SGA was the method that, in isolation, could detect the greatest number of patients with PEW.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Protein Deficiency/diet therapy , Renal Dialysis , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/diagnosis , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/diet therapy , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/mortality , Nutrition Assessment , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/diagnosis , Renal Dialysis , Wasting Syndrome/diagnosis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications , Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Nutritional Status , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/etiology , Wasting Syndrome/etiology
9.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 43(1): 52-56, Jan. 2010. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-535636

ABSTRACT

Aldosterone concentrations vary in advanced chronic renal failure (CRF). The isozyme 11â-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11â-HSD2), which confers aldosterone specificity for mineralocorticoid receptors in distal tubules and collecting ducts, has been reported to be decreased or normal in patients with renal diseases. Our objective was to determine the role of aldosterone and 11â-HSD2 renal microsome activity, normalized for glomerular filtration rate (GFR), in maintaining K+ homeostasis in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Male Wistar rats weighing 180-220 g at the beginning of the study were used. Rats with experimental CRF obtained by 5/6 nephrectomy (N = 9) and sham rats (N = 10) were maintained for 4 months. Systolic blood pressure and plasma creatinine (Pcr) concentration were measured at the end of the experiment. Sodium and potassium excretion and GFR were evaluated before and after spironolactone administration (10 mg·kg-1·day-1 for 7 days) and 11â-HSD2 activity on renal microsomes was determined. Systolic blood pressure (means ± SEM; Sham = 105 ± 8 and CRF = 149 ± 10 mmHg) and Pcr (Sham = 0.42 ± 0.03 and CRF = 2.53 ± 0.26 mg/dL) were higher (P < 0.05) while GFR (Sham = 1.46 ± 0.26 and CRF = 0.61 ± 0.06 mL/min) was lower (P < 0.05) in CRF, and plasma aldosterone (Pald) was the same in the two groups. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion was similar in the two groups under basal conditions but, after spironolactone treatment, only potassium excretion was decreased in CRF rats (sham = 0.95 ± 0.090 (before) vs 0.89 ± 0.09 µEq/min (after) and CRF = 1.05 ± 0.05 (before) vs 0.37 ± 0.07 µEq/min (after); P < 0.05). 11â-HSD2 activity on renal microsomes was lower in CRF rats (sham = 0.807 ± 0.09 and CRF = 0.217 ± 0.07 nmol·min-1·mg protein-1; P < 0.05), although when normalized for mL GFR it was similar in both groups. We conclude that K+ homeostasis is ...


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , /physiology , Homeostasis/physiology , Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism , Microsomes/enzymology , Potassium/metabolism , /metabolism , Aldosterone/blood , Blood Pressure/physiology , Kidney Failure, Chronic/enzymology , Nephrectomy , Rats, Wistar
10.
J. bras. nefrol ; 31(2): 105-113, abr.-jun. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-595476

ABSTRACT

Introdução: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de oito semanas de um programa de exercícios em pacientes com doença renal crônica terminal (DRCT) durante hemodiálise (HD), usando equipamento de baixo custo. Métodos: Cinquenta e oito pacientes com DRCT participaram de um programa de exercícios físicos supervisionados (1 hora/dia, 3 dias/semana) durante as sessões de HD. Os pacientes foram avaliados dois meses antes do início do programa (AVI), imediatamente antes de iniciar (AVII) e após oito semanas de treinamento físico completo (AVIII). As análises incluíram teste de caminhada de seis minutos (DP6min); shuttle teste (SWT), para estimar o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2 max); teste de uma repetição máxima (1RM), para mensuração da força muscular do quadríceps; teste de pressão respiratória máxima; espirometria e qualidade de vida pelo questionário Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 (SF-36). Resultados: Os resultados do teste DP6min mostraram que, após oito semanas de exercício, houve aumento na distância percorrida (p < 0,001) e pressão sistólica final (p < 0,001), enquanto a pressão diastólica final diminuiu (p < 0,01). A distância percorrida no SWT e o VO2 max aumentaram significativamente (p < 0,01). A força muscular do quadríceps em ambos os membros inferiores também aumentou (p < 0,001). Além disso, a taxa de adequação da diálise aumentou (p < 0,01) e foi acompanhada de um aumento na creatinina (p < 0,001). A análise do resultado do SF-36 revelou uma significativa melhora na capacidade funcional, vitalidade, aspectos emocionais, saúde mental (p < 0,05), componente mental (p < 0,01) e limitação de aspectos físicos, dor corporal, componente físico, bem como escore geral (p < 0,001). Conclusões: Um programa de dois meses de treinamento com exercícios durante a HD mostrou ser suficiente para...


Introduction: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of an eight-week exercise training program in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) during hemodialysis (HD), using low-cost equipment. Methods: Fifty-eight patients with ESRD participated in a supervised exercise program (1 hr/day, 3 days/week) during HD sessions. Patients were evaluated two months prior to the beginning of the program (T1), immediately before beginning (T2), and after eight weeks of exercise training upon program completion (T3). Analyses included the 6-min walking test (6MWT); a shuttle walk test (SWT), which quantified maximal oxygen consumption (peak VO2); the one-repetition maximum test (1RM), which assessed quadriceps muscle force; the maximal respiratory pressure test; spirometry and health-related quality of life through the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 (SF-36). Results: The 6MWT after the eight-week exercise program showed increases in the walking distance (p < 0.001) and in the final systolic pressure (p < 0.001), whereas final diastolic pressure decreased (p < 0.01). Both, the distance walked during the SWT and the peak VO2 increased upon program completion (p < 0.01). Quadriceps force in lower limbs also increased (p < 0.001). Moreover, the dialysis adequacy improved (p < 0.01) and was seen a significant increase in serum creatinine (p < 0.001). Analysis of SF- 36 results revealed a significant improvement regarding functional capacity, vitality, emotional aspects, mental health (p < 0.05), mental component (p < 0.01) and limitation by physical aspects, body pain, physical component, and also the general score (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Two months of exercise training during HD showed sufficient to significantly improve the physical capacity and quality of life among ESRD patients using low-cost equipments.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Renal Dialysis , Exercise/physiology , Exercise/psychology , Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy
11.
J. bras. nefrol ; 31(2): 154-162, abr.-jun. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-595484

ABSTRACT

hepatite (HCV), comparados à população em geral, face à exposição frequente ao sangue e à contaminação nosocomial. Entretanto, o diagnóstico da hepatite C nesses pacientes é dificultado por sintomas inespecíficos, valores normais de alanina aminotransferase (ALT), na maioria dos casos, sorologia falso-negativa e baixa viremia. Objetivo: definir e avaliar a acurácia dos métodos diagnósticos da hepatite C em pacientes em HD. Métodos: foram avaliados 500 pacientes com DRC em HD, com anti HCV negativo, histórico e prospectivo de três meses, e avaliação de uma amostra de HCV RNA qualitativo e ALT mensal durante o seguimento. Foram excluídos pacientes com diagnóstico prévio de hepatite B e C, HIV, transplantados, em diálise peritoneal e com acesso venoso por cateter duplo-lúmen. Resultados: o tempo médio de HD foi de 48,8 ± 41,2 meses; ALT revelou-se normal em 92%; anti-HCV e HCV RNA negativos em 99,8% dos pacientes; apenas um paciente (0,2%) apresentou viremia positiva, ALT normal e anti HCV falso-negativo durante o período de seguimento. Conclusões: o teste anti-HCV e a ALT não detectaram precocemente a hepatite C em paciente renal crônico com viremia positiva, o que pode ser explicado pelo comprometimento da resposta imune associada à uremia, ou devido ao período prolongado de janela imunológica antes da soroconversão. Entretanto, o valor preditivo negativo do anti-HCV foi alto, sugerindo que uma redução no intervalo de seis meses da dosagem do anti-HCV pode ser uma estratégia para o monitoramento e a detecção precoce da hepatite C nesses pacientes


Introduction: Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis (HD) are at a higher risk of infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV), when compared to the general population, due to frequent blood exposure and nosocomial infections. However, the diagnosis of hepatitis C in those patients is very difficult due to non-specific symptoms, normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, in most cases, false-negative serology, and low viral load. Objective: To define and evaluate the accuracy of hepatitis C diagnostic methods on HD patients. Methods: Five hundred HD patients with ESRD, negative anti-HCV in the past, and, for the next three months, underwent monthly qualitative HCV RNA and ALT testing during follow-up. Patients with a diagnosis of hepatitis B and C, HIV, with kidney grafts, in peritoneal dialysis, and with venous access with double-lumen catheter were excluded. Results: Mean time of HD was 48.8 ± 41.2 months; it was detected normal ALT in 92% of patients; negative anti-HCV and HCV RNA in 99.8% of patients; only one patient (0.2%) showed positive viremia, normal ALT, and false-negative anti-HCV during the follow-up period. Conclusions: Anti-HCV and ALT did not allow early detection of hepatitis C in a patient with ESRD and positive viremia, which can be explained by the disruption of the immune response associated with uremia or due to the prolonged immunologic window before seroconversion. However, anti-HCV showed a high negative predictive value, suggesting that a reduction in the six-month interval of the anti-HCV test could be a strategy for monitoring and early detection of hepatitis C in those patients


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Renal Dialysis , Kidney Failure, Chronic/immunology , Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism , Hepatitis C/diagnosis
15.
J. bras. nefrol ; 30(1,Supl.1): 6-10, mar. 2008.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-604081

ABSTRACT

O hiperparatireoidismo secundário desenvolve-se cedo no curso da doença renal crônica como um mecanismo compensatório para controlar os níveisséricos de cálcio, fósforo e vitamina D. Seu controle inadequado está associado a conseqüências clínicas importantes, como calcificação vascular, e a umimpacto negativo na sobrevida do paciente renal crônico. O conhecimento de sua patogênese é importante para uma escolha terapêutica adequada.Recentemente, a descoberta do receptor de cálcio e das fosfatoninas acrescentou significativos avanços acerca do assunto. Nessa revisão, os mecanismosfisiopatológicos do hiperparatireoidismo secundário são examinados em tópicos: papel do cálcio e do seu receptor, do fósforo, da vitamina D e daresistência óssea ao PTH. Além disso, o papel do fator de crescimento de fibroblastos–23 também é discutido. Embora abordados separadamente, estesfatores estão inter-relacionados podendo um ou mais deles predominar de acordo com o tipo e a fase da doença renal crônica.


Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) occurs early in the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as an adaptive mechanism to control the serum levelsof calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D. If not treated adequately, it is associated with serious complications, like vascular calcification, with a negative impacton survival of CKD patients. A better understanding of its pathogenesis can help clinicians as to an appropriate therapeutic choice for SHPT. In this regard, the recent identification of both the calcium sensing receptor and the phosphatonins have shed some light to the field. In the present review, thepathophysiologic pathway of the SHPT is discussed in topics: role of calcium and calcium sensing receptor, role of phosphorus, and role of vitamin D andbone resistance to PTH. Furthermore, the role of fibroblast growth factor-23 is also discussed. Although analyzed separately, these factors are inter-related and according to the etiology and phase of CKD one or more of them may prevail.


Subject(s)
Humans , Calcium/analysis , Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications , Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism , Phosphorus/metabolism , Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary/physiopathology , Vitamin D/analysis
16.
J. bras. nefrol ; 30(1,Supl.1): 11-17, mar. 2008.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-604082

ABSTRACT

O hiperparatiroidismo secundário (HPTS), observado nos doentes urémicos, apesar de se instalar desde estadios precoces da insuficiência renal,apresenta manifestações clínicas pouco específicas e frequentemente tardias. Para além da promissora técnica de avaliação da arquitectura trabecularóssea por tomografia quantitativa microcomputorizada os métodos imagiológicos são de escassa utilidade no diagnóstico das alterações ósseasassociadas ao HPTS. Ao longo dos últimos anos foram avaliados diversos marcadores bioquímicos da remodelação óssea e a respectiva utilidade nodiagnóstico não invasivo da osteodistrofia renal. Finalmente, é ainda discutido o eventual papel de factores locais (citoquinas e factores de crescimento) na modulação da remodelação óssea.


Secondary hyperparathyroidism represents one extreme of the spectrum of the bone and endocrine changes observed in uraemic patients, and may develop since early stages of renal failure. The clinical symptoms and signs are non-specific and the contribution of image evaluation in the diagnosis of secondary hyperparathyroidism is, frequently, misleading. In this review, in addition to the classic modulators of bone remodeling, like parathyroid hormone (and PTHfragments), calcitriol and calcitonin, the role of others local factors involved in osteoblast and osteoclast activation, like cytokines and growth factors, is alsodiscussed.


Subject(s)
Humans , Calcitonin/analysis , Calcitriol/analysis , Parathyroid Diseases/diagnosis , Kidney Failure, Chronic/complications , Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism , Uremia/diagnosis
17.
J. bras. nefrol ; 30(1,Supl.1): 32-37, mar. 2008.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-604086

ABSTRACT

A vitamina D participa (d)o metabolismo mineral e sua deficiência está associada com doenças extra-ósseas Estudos têm evidenciado hipovitaminose Dna população geral e em renais crônicos. Na progressão da doença renal crônica (DRC), a redução dos níveis de calcitriol, hipocalcemia e hiperfosfatemiasão fatores causais do hiperparatireoidismo secundário (HPTS). Utilizamos o calcitriol para o manejo do HPTS e da hipovitaminose D per se também devemser enfatizadas. Novos análogos da vitamina D, desenvolvidos para substituírem o calcitriol devido à hipercalcemia e hiperfosfatemia associadas ao seuuso, não se mostraram superiores no controle do HPTS. O estado de conhecimento atual sugere a realização de estudos randomizados, controlados ecom amostragem maior para comparar efetividade e segurança entre estes análogos e o calcitriol. Assim, estes estudos poderiam sinalizar para um melhor controle mineral e da doença óssea e resultar em um impacto favorável na morbi-mortalidade na DRC.


Vitamin D has been reported as pivotal for mineral metabolism and bone health, and its deficiency has also been associated with non-skeletal diseases.Many studies have shown high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in general population as well as in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. In CKD progression, low calcitriol levels, hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia have all been implicated in the genesis of the secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT).In addition to calcitriol supplementation for SHPT management, emphasis should be given to the diagnosis and treatment of vitamin deficiency itself. Newvitamin D analogs were developed in an attempt to overcome the hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia that can follow calcitriol treatment but currentknowledge does not allow any conclusion about superiority of new analogs. Large randomized controlled trials studies are needed to compare efficacy and safety of these analogs and calcitriol. These studies could promote a better understanding of mineral metabolism and bone disease control, and result in a favorable impact on morbidity and mortality of CKD patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Calcitriol/analogs & derivatives , Calcitriol/metabolism , Avitaminosis/therapy , Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives , Vitamin D/metabolism , Vitamin D/therapeutic use
18.
Yonsei Medical Journal ; : 255-264, 2008.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-30676

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Equations are frequently used to estimate resting energy expenditure (REE) in a clinical setting. However, few studies have examined their accuracy in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: To investigate agreement between indirect calorimetry and several REE estimating equations in 38 ESRD patients on peritoneal dialysis, we performed indirect calorimetry and compared the results with REEs estimated using 5 equations [Harris-Benedict (HBE), Mifflin, WHO, Schofield, and Cunningham]. RESULTS: Measured REE was 1393.2 +/- 238.7kcal/day. There were no significant differences between measured and estimated REEs except Mifflin (1264.9 +/- 224.8kcal/day). Root mean square errors were smallest for HBE, followed by Schofield, Cunningham, and WHO, and largest for Mifflin (171.3, 171.9, 174.6, 175.3, and 224.6, respectively). In Bland-Altman plot, correlation coefficients between mean values and differences were significant for HBE (r=0.412, p=0.012) and tended to be significant for Cunningham (r=0.283, p=0.086). In DM patients and patients with overhydration, HBE showed significant underestimation when REE increased. CONCLUSION: In ESRD patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), REE-estimating equations have no significant differences from indirect calorimetry, except Mifflin. However, HBE showed greater bias than others when REE was high.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Calorimetry, Indirect/methods , Energy Metabolism , Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism , Models, Biological , Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory/methods
19.
Rev. bras. nutr. clín ; 22(3): 243-248, jul.-set. 2007.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-561925

ABSTRACT

A Insuficiência Renal Crônica (IRC) constitui sério problema de saúde em todo o mundo, com incidência crescente e elevada morbimortalidade, sendo que a desnutrição protéico-energética (DPE) é um importante fator que contribui para o agravamento desse quadro nosológico. Existem muitas causas que predispõem os pacientes renais crônicos à desnutrição, recentemente o papel da acidose metabólica tem sido bem-enfatizado. Desse modo, o objetivo desta revisão foi descrever os mecanismos pelos quais a acidose metabólica contribui para o catabolismo protéico nos pacientes IRC, bem como avaliar os efeitos da utilização de bicarbonato de sódio na correção da acidose e consequentemente, na redução da prevalência de desnutrição. Relatos da literatura mostram que a acidemia persistente aumenta a degradação protéica e a oxidação de aminoácidos, resultando em balanço nitrogenado negativo. Além disto, a acidose metabólica pode ocasionar resistência á insulina, supressão do hormônio do crescimento e da vitamina D, elevação do nível circulante de glicocorticóides e reduzida sensibilidade do paratormônio ao cálcio. Por outro lado, há uma escassez de estudos no que se refere aos efeitos nutricionais da correção da acidose metabólica. No entanto, as evidências encontradas demonstram que a monitoração do bicarbonato sérico e a manutenção dos seus níveis em valores superiores a 22 mmol/L (correção da acidose metabólica) deveriam ser o objetivo na conduta de pacientes renais crônicos, na tentativa de minimizar os efeitos deletéricos sobre o estado nutricional.


The Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) is a serious health problem worldwide, with increasing incidence and high mortality, and the protein-energy malnutrition (EPD) is an important contributing factor to the aggravation of this nosological. There are many causes that predispose CRF patients with malnutrition, recently the role of metabolic acidosis has been well-emphasized. Thus, the purpose of this review was to describe the mechanisms by which acidosis contributes to the protein catabolism in patients IRC, as well as evaluating the effects of using sodium bicarbonate in correcting acidosis and consequently in reducing the prevalence of malnutrition. Medical reports show that the persistent acidemia increases protein degradation and amino acid oxidation, resulting in negative nitrogen balance. Moreover, metabolic acidosis can lead to insulin resistance, suppression of growth hormone and vitamin D, elevated circulating level of glucocorticoids and reduced sensitivity of parathyroid calcium. On the other hand, there is a paucity of studies regarding the effects of nutritional correction of metabolic acidosis. However, the evidence found shows that monitoring of serum bicarbonate levels and maintenance of its values in excess of 22 mmol/L (correction of metabolic acidosis) should be the goal in treating patients with chronic renal failure in an attempt to minimize the deleterious effects on nutritional status.


La insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) es un grave problema de salud en todo el mundo, con una incidencia y elevada mortalidad y la malnutrición proteico-energética (EPD) es un factor importante que contribuye a la agravación de esta nosológica. Hay muchas causas que predisponen a los pacientes con IRC con la desnutrición, recientemente el papel de la acidosis metabólica ha sido así-subrayó. Así, el objetivo de esta revisión fue describir los mecanismos por los que la acidosis contribuye al catabolismo proteico en los pacientes con IRC, así como la evaluación de los efectos de sodio con bicarbonato en corregir la acidosis y en consecuencia en la reducción de la prevalencia de la desnutrición. Los informes médicos muestran que la acidemia persistente aumento de la degradación de proteínas y la oxidación de aminoácidos, lo que resulta en balance negativo de nitrógeno. Por otra parte, la acidosis metabólica puede llevar a la resistencia a la insulina, la supresión de la hormona del crecimiento y la vitamina D, elevado nivel de circulación de los glucocorticoides y sensibilidad reducida de calcio paratiroides. Por otro lado, hay una escasez de estudios sobre los efectos de la corrección de la acidosis metabólica nutricional. Sin embargo, la evidencia encontrada muestra que la vigilancia de los niveles séricos de bicarbonato y el mantenimiento de sus valores por encima de 22 mmol/L (corrección de la acidosis metabólica) debería ser el objetivo en el tratamiento de pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en un intento de minimizar los efectos nocivos sobre el estado nutricional.


Subject(s)
Humans , Acidosis, Renal Tubular/metabolism , Acidosis, Renal Tubular/pathology , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/diet therapy , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/etiology , Kidney Failure, Chronic/diet therapy , Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism
20.
J. bras. nefrol ; 29(2): 85-89, jun. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-606110

ABSTRACT

Introdução: A doença renal crônica (DRC) cursa com importante redução da capacidade funcional. O teste padrão ouro para avaliação da capacidade funcional é o teste cardiopulmonar que determina o pico de consumo de oxigênio (VO2 pico). Por outro lado, o teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M) é um teste representativo das atividades da vida diária, é mais barato e de fácil aplicação. No presente estudo, avaliamos a correlação entre a distância obtida no TC6M e o VO2 pico em pacientes portadores de DRC sob tratamento hemodialítico. Métodos: Foram estudados 16 pacientes portadores de DRC em programa de hemodiálise (cinco homens e 11 mulheres), com média de idade de 47,75 ± 12,05 anos. Os pacientes foram submetidos a dois TC6M emuma pista plana de 30m, com intervalo de 30 minutos, sendo considerada para análise a maior distância percorrida. Para determinação do VO2 pico, ospacientes foram submetidos ao teste cardiopulmonar em esteira rolante. Resultados: A distância média obtida no TC6M foi de 516,0 ± 88,79m e o VO2pico foi 20,50 ± 4,92ml/kg/min. Observamos uma correlação positiva e estatisticamente significante entre a distância obtida no TC6M e o VO2 pico (r =0,78). Conclusão: A forte correlação entre a distância obtida no TC6M e o VO2 pico permite sugerir o TC6M como alternativa simples e barata para avaliação da capacidade funcional de pacientes portadores de DRC em tratamento hemodialítico.


Introduction: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) courses with significant reduction in the functional capacity. The gold standard test for evaluation of the functional capacity is the cardiopulmonary test, which provides the determination of the peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak). On the other hand, the six-minute walk test (6MWT) is a representative test of the daily living activities, is inexpensive and easily applicable. In this study we aimed to evaluate the correlation between the distance covered in 6MWT with VO2 peak in ESRD patients on hemodialysis. Methods: Sixteen ESRD patients on hemodialysis (five men and11 women) were studied, with a mean age of 47.75 ± 12.05 years. The patients were submitted to two 6MWT in a 30m corridor, with an interval of 30minutes, being considered for analysis longest walked distance. For determination of VO2 peak, the patients were submitted to the cardiopulmonary test on a treadmill. Results: The distance covered in 6MWT was 516.0 ± 88.79m and VO2 peak was 20.50 ± 4.92ml/kg/min. We observed a positive and significant correlation between the distance covered in 6MWT with VO2 peak (r =0.78). Conclusion: The strong correlation between the distance covered in 6MWT with VO2 peak allows us to suggest the 6MWT as a simple and cheap alternative for evaluation of the functional capacity in ESRD patients on hemodialysis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Oxygen Consumption/physiology , Renal Dialysis , Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism , Walking
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